The mwene mutapa was regarded a divine king and therefore he was venerated. Apr 24, 20 the kingdom of mutapa or any kingdom of zimbabwe holds a captivating history. Mutapa empire 1430 to 1760 was an empire, in present day zimbabwe, extending to the mozambique coast. Jan 04, 2016 the mutapa state consolidated power and maintained its dominance from the 15th to the 20th century in what is now present day zimbabwe. Jan 01, 2014 the rozvi state origins oral tradition has it that, the first per watchword to limit the changamire title of respect was changa who briefly ruled the rozvi in the 1490s changa was the son of matope later on his finale his son adopted the title changamire, and go to guruuswa area confederation western of zimbabwe. Monomotapa kingdom existed between 14501629, it succeeded the great zimbabwe. Describe the social organization of the shona during the. Locate the geographical location of the mutapa state. The nation state had been fully developed by 1450ad which time mutapa embarked on a full military expansion that gave rise to the munhumutapa empire. During the zulundwandwe wars of 181820 the khumalo were ejected and one of them, mzilikazi, came to dominate a mixed band of maraiders in search of more peaceful pastures. The mutapa state was located on the northern part of modern day zimbabwe. Precolonial great zimbabwe vs postcolonial zimbabwe.
According to oral tradition the first mwene was a warrior prince nyatsimbamutota from great zimbabwe who was sent to find new sources of salt in the north. Political organisation of the mutapa state free zimsec. Cattle were also a symbol of wealth and they were also slaughtered at religious ceremonies and functions such as funerals. The leaders mined gold from rivers, streams and they traded it with other items like mined iron, salt, copper and tin, soapstone a soft rock, and ivory. The people kept large herds of cattle for meat, milk and hides. This battle helped changamire dombo to elope from the zambezi area and resurface to his new capital city tsindi ruins which is present day. The mutapa people were divided into three castes the rich, middle and low class. Describe economic, political and social organization of the mutapa state. Well, zimbabwe did technically live on until 1683 via a small state called the butua kingdom.
The munhumutapa was the supreme leader and the religious leader of the mutapa people. Blacksmithing, pottery, weaving and basketry were other important economic values to mutapa. From the precolonial to the modern day toyin falola and tyler fleming encyclopedia of life support systems eolss and along the swahili coastline of east africa, vast trade networks developed. Indeed for the mutapa state, the portuguese refer to their importance in this regard. The ruins are located 1,100 metres above sea level looking down on the shashelimpopa river basin on the harare plateau. Over the next several years mutapa had many different rulers, the last being the rozwi. Changamire dombo, according to oral tradition, is believed to have possessed supernatural powers. In fact politics was behind the rise of the mutapa state.
The ruling class of the mutapa people had similar culture and customs as those of the great zimbabwe. Describe the social organization of the shona during the precolonial period. Mutapa remained nominally independent, though practically a client state. The political state is one of the most important social institutions ever created by man. So, when the portuguese reached mutapa, they sought to penetrate it through religion. The kingdom of mutapa, sometimes referred to as the mutapa empire was a shona kingdom which stretched between the zambezi and limpopo rivers of southern africa in the modern states of zimbabwe and mozambique. The mutapa people produced and traded a variety of goods such as elephant tusks and gold and encouraged traders including the swahili and portuguese continue. Mutapa technically was still independent, but was practically owned by portugal. The use of cattle as a source of social or political power among the shona in zimbabwe in the distant and recent past is well documented mudenge, 1974, 1988 and also recounted in shona oral traditions. By the end of this subtopic learners should be able to.
A political history of munhumutapa a book by dr mudenge saturday, 05 march 2011 20. They also lie 300 miles south of the zambezi river and 250 miles west of the indian ocean. The rulers in mutapa would also tax people and then forced the people who they conquered in citystates to mine gold for them. Then, the mutapa kingdom was founded even closer to the indian ocean in mozambique. The mutapa state is of especial interest because it is the only one of four known major shona stateszimbabwe, torwa, mutapa, and changamireto escape being uprooted entirely by new settlements of people, and the only one that was close to portuguese centers in which information was recorded. May 04, 2012 the mutapa western adaptation of the munhumutapa or mwenemutapa or monomutapa depending on the shona dialect was one of western mozambique and present day zimbabwes greatest kingdoms. Vulnerability radars for the mutapa state, manyika polity and the sofala. Mar 16, 2018 in this video manners msongelwa explains the social organisation of the mtapa state. Apr 06, 2018 locate the geographical location of the mutapa state. It has played a most conspicuous part in the history of humanity, and it is, therefore, necessary that the working class should know something regarding its origin and function.
The mutapa people produced and traded a variety of goods such as elephant tusks and gold and encouraged traders including the swahili and. It is believed that the later had migrated with a large military force from great zimbabwe in. Among the shona, mwene mutapa was regarded as a divine king and was therefore venerated. From an anthropological perspective, they are examples of a secondary state. The mutapa state is in spite of civil wars and succession rivalries it continued to exist into the 19th century and remained independent of the portuguese. The rozvi leader changamire dombo was a herdsmen in the mutapa state and managed to drive away the portuguese earning himself support and followers thereby breaking away from the legendary mutapa empire. The social organization of the san exploring africa. Economic activities and the state publish your masters. The demise of great zimbabwe left the mutapa state dominant in northern. The social organization of the ndebele state free zimsec. In this video manners msongelwa explains the social organisation of the mtapa state. Zimbabwes precolonial history zimbabwe and related topics.
Mapungubwe and great zimbabwe are of international interest because they represent the development of indigenous states in southern africa. The mutapa western adaptation of the munhumutapa or mwenemutapa or monomutapa depending on the shona dialect was one of western mozambique and present day zimbabwes greatest kingdoms. Its influence extended over much of presentday zimbabwe, westward into botswana, and southward into northeastern south africa. However, the mutapas were not wholly ejected from zimbabwe highlands. Jan 28, 2010 when great zimbabwe began its economic and military decline in the late 1400s, some of the citys elites migrated 200 miles north to the zambezi river and established the shortlived shona state of monomotapa mutapa. The rozvi state 1684 95 collapse of the mutapa state saw the birth of strong military empire called the rozvi state. Mwene mutapa is shona for ravager of the lands, and was also the. The mutapa state lempire du monomotapa du xve au xixe. The economic organisation of the mutapa state free zimsec. Nyatsimba mutota the first mwenemutapa organised the kingdomstate into provinces which had districts under them. The san have a familybased society that can count up to fifty people, the san society is egalitarian, in the village everything is lived and deliberated together, everything is shared with all the clan people. An important feature of the mutapa state way of life was the close link between politics and religion.
Like zimbabwes predecessor, the kingdom was eclipsed by the mutapa kingdom and failed. The mutapa state is believed to have been an iron age state which spanned across three centuries till its decline in the 19 th century. Because the mutapa state has a documentary record going back to i502, it is the prime testingground in southern africa for theories concerning economic, social, political and religious development within a state formation over a long period. The mwene mutapa was regarded a divine king and therefore he was venerated johnmulu answered the question on february, 2017 at 08. Social, economic and political organization of african. Anglophone africanists may well wonder why it has taken so long for a. This book is written with the prime objective to enable o level learners to have a stomach of history. Mar 16, 2018 in this video manners msongelwa explains the social organisation of the rozvi state. They were also a trade item that was used in both external and domestic trade.
Many people belong to various social structuresinstitutional and informal. The kingdom of mutapa or any kingdom of zimbabwe holds a captivating history. This kingdom was founded in 1425, succeeding the kingdom of the great zimbabwe. The mutapa state consolidated power and maintained its dominance from the 15th to the 20th century in what is now present day zimbabwe. Pwit1 department of history, university of zimbabwe. Great zimbabwe the ancient ruins of great zimbabwe are to be found 150 miles from the present day capital city of zimbabwe, harare. The rozvi state origins oral tradition has it that, the first per watchword to limit the changamire title of respect was changa who briefly ruled the rozvi in the 1490s changa was the son of matope later on his finale his son adopted the title changamire, and go to guruuswa area confederation western of zimbabwe. Thus mutapa regained its independence sometime around 1720. A caste system is a system of class determined by birth meaning if you are born in a poor family you will also be poor. The mutapa state ends around 1695 with the rise of the rise to power of the rozvi state. Some of the social factors that contributed to the fall of rome were apathy, lack of interest in. The following economic activities took place in the mutapa state. Kingdom of mutapa great discoveries in archaeology.
The modern zimbabwe nation state had its origins in 12th century great zimbabwe, which had its capital at great zimbabwe with a network of over 350 related royal towns fashioned after it. Villages were protected from attacks by a thorn fence called homa. Mutapa meaning and origin of the name mutapa nameaning. The ndebele state by julian cobbing the ndebele state was. Social organisation of the great zimbabwe state free. Describe the social organization of the shona during the pre. A stamp showing a portoguese impression of the mutapa gatsi rusere. The book is a quick study instrument and is suitable to be used by learners who are about to write their final exams. Basket weaving is a craft that goes back to the mutapa state and possibly beyond. The emperor was the head of the state and government. One hundred and fortyeight years ago yesterday, september 6, 1868, mzilikazi kamatshobana khumalo, founderking of the ndebele state, died, leaving an unfortunate situation. Religious organization of the mutapa state free zimsec. African experience in the new mines and cities settlement in the lower zambezi and. Politically changamire dombo managed to defeat the portuguese in 1684 and 1695 near butwa.
Explain the political organization of mwene mutapa kingdom during the pre colonial period. These include clubs, professional organizations, and religious institutions. The african ejournals project has digitized full text of. Evidence from oral tradition argues that the munhumutapa was a seen as a divine king. Changamire dombo the mutapa king defeated the portugese at the battle of mangwe. Origins of the mutapa empire essay 853 words antiessays. The state practised division of labour based on gender, with women doing the cooking, gathering of fruits as well as the rearing of children. The ndebele state by julian cobbing the ndebele state was ruled by khumalo kings who had emerged from the nduandwe. The economic organisation of the mutapa state free. This kingdom was founded by a royal member from its successor. Portuguese document dating from the early 16th century also seem to show that the mutapa state already existed before the great zimbabwe collapsed thus mutapa empire was an offshoot of the. They probably were not absorbed by the zulu at any time. To have a sense of identity with the social organization, being closer to one another helps build a sense of community. The kingdom of monomotapa mutapa empire wilsondiop.
Space does not permit a detailed discussion of the authors many other findings that support the notion of markan priority. By the 1590s, mutapa had been through many civil wars, leaving the government fragile and weak. The ndebele social structure was highly stratified and rigid. The munhumutapa was the leader of the mutapa empire and used religion to consolidate their power. The abezanzi zansi who were the original khumalo from zululand. Jun 30, 20 the use of cattle as a source of social or political power among the shona in zimbabwe in the distant and recent past is well documented mudenge, 1974, 1988 and also recounted in shona oral traditions. The rozvi leader changamire dombo was originally a herdsmen in the mutapa state, yet managed to drive away the portuguese, earning himself support and followers, thereby enabling him to break away from the legendary mutapa empire. An investigation on the origins of the mutapa empire according to mukanya the portuguese arrived on the scene confused the history of the mutapa empire. Overview of the social structure of the ndebele tribe. The way in which mzilikazi built his ndebele kingdom as a result of the need for it to grow in numbers beyond the just the mere 300 people, that he left with when he was fleeing from tshaka, through raids and assimilation of youths and women. Chinese blue and white porcelain and indian beads have been found in these excavation sites, revealing that mutapa participated in the transindian ocean trade that helped give great zimbabwe its power. The clans that made up the akan speakers included the akyem, kwahu, the fante, the wassa, the assin and the akwapem.
Unesco eolss sample chapters world civilizations and history of human development african civilizations. Monomotapa high civilization the kingdom of monomotapa popularly known as the mutapa empire or mwenemutapa in africa was a medieval kingdom that was located between river zambezi and limpopo in what is known today as the states of zambia, mozambique and south eastern zambia. The mutapa required his subjects to pay tribute in the form of cattle and prove their allegiance to the munhumutapa. The mutapa state is of especial interest because it is the only one of four known major shona stateszimbabwe, torwa, mutapa, and changamireto escape being uprooted entirely by new settlements of people, and the only one that was close to portuguese centers in. Around 1430, a prince from zimbabwe traveled north in search of salt among the shonatavara. But that state didnt do much and was basically just a mirror image of zimbabwe. Between 1560 and 1561, a portuguese jesuit missionary, goncalo da silveira visited mwanamutapa and converted many shona including king nogomo mupunzagato to christianity. Assess factors leading to the decline of the mutapa state. It stretched from zimbabwe to the mozambique coast. In this video manners msongelwa explains the social organisation of the rozvi state. The empire was comprised of a karanga majority speaking population. The prince was nyatsimba mutota, and the land he conquered would become the kingdom of mutapa. Sep 25, 2019 the rozvi state grew due to sound economic, social and political polices.
Outline factors leading to the rise of the mutapa state. Rozvi state pdf the history of the rozvi has been for a long time shrouded by myth. Describe the social organization of the shona during the pre colonial. When great zimbabwe began its economic and military decline in the late 1400s, some of the citys elites migrated 200 miles north to the zambezi river and established the shortlived shona state of monomotapa mutapa. They believed in the all powerful god, mwarimurungu.
The kingdom was composed of many communities who spoke the akan language. They established the mwene mutapa empire which ruled until the time of the ngoni invasion in the 1830s. The state emerged around 1500 under nyatsimba mutota, the first mwene king who gained control of the surrounding gold. Men were responsible for mining, hunting as well state defense. The great zimbabwe state based on three main pillars of the political, social and economic organization. The political organisation of the mutapa state the king he was the overall ruler of the state and all subjects were loyal to him. Power struggle among the mbire led to the fall of the mutapa state and the establishment of the rozwi empire in the southwest of modern zimbabwe. Mutapa state in the fifteenth century, the following feature has been. Pdf o level study guide for zimbabwean history upto 1897. The state emerged around 1500 under nyatsimba mutota, the first mwene king who gained control of the surrounding gold producing region and much of the zambezi river. State three functions of the katikiro of buganda during the precolonial period.
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